High Levels of Phenological Asynchrony Between Specialized Pollinators and Plants with Short Flowering Phases

Photo 1: Los Quetzales National Park, located at 3.020 m a.s.l. in the Pacific slope of Talamanca Mountain Range, Costa Rica. This area includes Cerro de la Muerte with largest extent paramo ecosystem country, which is a grass- or shrub-dominated cool and wet upper slopes Neotropical mountains. credit: María A. Maglianesi. 2: The honeybee Apis mellifera visiting Vaccinium consanguineum. bee species among three most common insect pollinators ecosystem; it showed low level specialization studied sites visited plant relatively long flowering phases, that is, more than eight months. credits: Emanuel Brenes. 3: fiery-throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) endemic to Rica western Panama. high temporal matching where absolute asynchrony was average five days. 4: Among by were (A) consanguineum (B) Comarostaphylis arbutoides (Ericaceae), as well (C) Bomarea hirsuta (Alstroemeriaceae) (D) Hypericum irazuense (Hypericaceae). These represented between 30 44% all visitation study sites. Maglianesi (A, C) Brenes (B, D). 5: Catasticta cerberus Gaiadendron punctatum (Loranthaceae). butterfly occurred abundance two medium specialization. Alejandro Castro. photographs illustrate article “High levels phenological specialized plants short phases” Maglianesi, Paul Hanson, Brenes, Gita Benadi, Matthias Schleuning, Bo Dalsgaard published Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3162.